On extremal points for some vectorial total variation seminorms

¹ Department of Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
² Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
³ Institut für Mathematik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany

^* Corresponding author: jose.iglesias@utwente.nl

Received: 8 March 2025
Accepted: 21 September 2025

Abstract

We consider the set of extremal points of the generalized unit ball induced by gradient total variation seminorms for vector-valued functions on bounded Euclidean domains. These are central to the understanding of sparse solutions and sparse optimization algorithms for variational problems posed among such functions. For cases in which either the domain or the target are one dimensional or the sum of the total variations of each component is used, we prove that these extremals consist of piecewise constant functions with two regions. For definitions involving more involved matrix norms and in particular spectral norms, we produce families of examples to show that the resulting set of extremal points is larger and includes piecewise constant functions with more than two regions. We also consider the total deformation induced by the symmetrized gradient, for which minimization with linear constraints appears in problems of determination of limit loads in a number of continuum mechanical models involving plasticity. For this case, we show piecewise infinitesimally rigid functions with two pieces to be extremal under mild assumptions. Finally, as an example which is not piecewise constant, we prove that unit radial vector fields are extremal for the Frobenius total variation in the plane.